本文節(jié)選自《骨肌疾病體外沖擊波療法》主編 邢更彥
沖擊波在骨科和泌尿外科中,使用了兩種完全不同的工作原理:前者是沖擊波產(chǎn)生所需的刺激去促進肌腱、周圍組織和骨組織等愈合,而后者則是沖擊波迫使尿結(jié)石或腎結(jié)石碎裂。
空化效應(yīng)是沖擊波獨有的一種特性,在骨組織及軟組織病的治療時,病灶范圍內(nèi)大量氣泡的空化效應(yīng),是打通生理性關(guān)閉的微血管、松解關(guān)節(jié)軟組織粘連的有利因素,由不良反應(yīng)變成了治療作用。
在體外沖擊波碎石技術(shù)中,沖擊波的空化效應(yīng)是由聲波引起的,在聲波張應(yīng)力的作用下,液體爆裂而形成大量的水泡或氣泡,當氣泡表面的壓力快速下降時,氣泡突然破裂,氣泡破裂時產(chǎn)生高速液體微噴射,微噴射直接作用于結(jié)石或組織表面,微噴射所產(chǎn)生的撞擊力是結(jié)石粉碎和組織損傷的重要原因。
用于骨科治療的沖擊波能量變動范圍要求較大。低能量和中能量多用于治療軟組織慢性損傷性疾病、軟骨損傷性疾病及位置淺表性骨不連;高能量多用于治療位置較深的骨不連及骨折延遲愈合和股骨頭壞死等成骨障礙性疾病。骨肌系統(tǒng)疾病治療前可行痛點結(jié)合X線、B超、MRI 或多種輔助檢查協(xié)同定位。
碎石治療中能量要高于骨科治療所需能量。結(jié)石治療前需要精確的定位,多采用 B超、X線或兩者協(xié)同定位。
治療骨科疾病時,沖擊波的聚焦范圍并非越小越好,因為對于骨科和軟組織疾病的病灶區(qū)域一般涉及的是一個范圍,而不是一二個點,焦點過小對于較大范圍的治療及定位都不是很方便,甚至有些部位的治療根本不需要考慮聚焦。
碎石治療時,要求準確聚焦到結(jié)石部位,治療能量才能起到粉碎結(jié)石的效果。
楊軍
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